【题型设置】
阅读6篇
难度中等
【备考建议】
很多同学反映有些单词不认识，导致整篇文章看不懂，结果出现很多错误。考试技巧很重要，但是单词是基础，如果简单的单词都读不懂，文章基本意思弄不懂，就不能谈做题的技巧。所以，小编提醒大家，不要忽视单词的重要性，在平时复习的时候要注意单词的记忆。
【真题演练】
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people\'s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they\'d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.
This disparity (盖弃）suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
"Hunger isn\'t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says."This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."
These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3 S 0-calorie (卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they\'d consumed a higher-calorie shake.
What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.
The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.
56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?
A) How we perceive the food we eat.
B) What ingredients the food contains.
C) When we eat our meals.
D) How fast we eat our meals.
57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?
A) You would probably be more picky about food.
B) You would not feel like eating the same food.
C) You would have a good appetite.
D) You would not feel so hungry.
58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?
A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.
B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.
C) Hunger levels depend on one\'s consumption of calories.
D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.
59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?
A) Trick ourselves into eating less.
B) Choose food with fewer calories.
C) Concentrate on food while eating.
D) Pick dishes of the right size.
60. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.
B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.
C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.
D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.
【参考译文 】
(56) (60)近年来,越来越多的研究表明:除了对能量的生理需要外,人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多 因素的影响,包括人们的饮食环境和对面前食物的认知。
研究表明，例如,在电视机(或者类似的消遣)前饮食能够同时增加饥饿感和食物的摄取量。即使是筒 单的视觉信号，比如餐盘的尺寸和灯光,也被证实会对食物分量和摄取量造成影响。
(60)新的研究显示人们的短期记忆同样对食欲起作用。(57)饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是 他们已食用的食物量,而是他们吃饭时面前所见到的食物量,换言之,是他们所记得的食物量。
布里斯托大学实验心理学教授Jeffrey M. Brunstrom认为:这种差异表明人们之前的饮食记忆对食 欲造成的影响可能超过食物的真实数量对食欲造成的影响。
"饥饿程度不仅仅与最近所食食物的特征有关。我们已经确认了最近饮食在记忆中的独立作用 Brunstrom说,"这表明饥饿程度和食物摄取之间的关系要比我们想象的复杂得多。"
这些发现印证了早期的研究。(60)早期研究表明，人们对食物的认知有时会欺骗身体对食物作出反应.例如：（58)在2011年的一项研究中,参与者在两个不同场合食用了同样含有380卡路里的奶昔,但是 根据奶昔标签上标注的是620卡路里还是140卡路里,参与者分泌出了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙。 而且,根据报告，当参与者认为自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。
这对于人们的饮食习惯意味着什么呢？尽管新发现在让人减少饮食方面显得不切实除,但是确实能使人们认识到专注于食物、避免饮食时看电视或同时进行多项活动的益处。
(59)Brunstrom说,所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮助人们控制食欲。
【答案解析】
56. 选A
【定位】由题干中的appetite和food intake定位 到首段第一句。
【精析】事实细节题。文章开篇指出了人们的食欲 和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响，包括人们的饮 食环境和对面前食物的认知,故答案为A。
57.选D
【定位】由题干中的remembered和previous meal 定位到第三段第二句。
【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出,饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量，而是他们吃饭时面前所见到的食物量,也就是说,影响人们饥饿程度的是他们记忆中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推断,记忆对饮食造成影 响，如果记忆中上顿饭吃了很多,那么不管是不是 真的吃了很多,都不会感觉太饿,故答案为D。
58.选B
【定位】由题干中的2011 study定位到第六段第 二句。
【精析】细节归纳题。定位句详细描述了 2011年 的一项研究。在研究中，参与者在两个不同场合 食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，但是奶昔标签上分别 标注了 620卡路里和140卡路里,结果显示,根据 标注的中路里含量,参与者分泌了不同水平的与 饥饿相关的荷尔蒙，而且当食用了标注620卡路 里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。实际上两份奶昔的 卡路里含量是相同的，由于标签标注的不同,让人产生自我暗示,使人体对食物产生了不同的反应。 故答案为B。
59. 选C
【定位】由题干中的control our appetite定位到文 章最后一句。
【精析】细节归纳题。定位句指出，所谓的"用心饮 食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮助人们控制食欲。也就 是Brunstrom建议我们通过"用心饮食"策略控制 饮食用心饮食"和前文中提到的"专注于食物" 相照应,故答案为C。
60.选B
【定位】由题干中的main idea定位到各部分主题 句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段 的第一句和最后一句。
【精析】主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部分,第一 部分提出论点——人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响。第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别 指出饮食环境、对食物的记忆、食物包装上的标签 对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食。最后一部分 提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议。对食物及 饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的 心理暗示等都属于心理因素,统观全文,作者一直 围绕心理因素对食欲的影响展开论述，故答案 为B。
